Zymo Reagents

<h2>What are epigenetics NGS library preparation kits?</h2>
&nbsp;
Epigenetics NGS library preparation kits convert the DNA output of an upstream epigenetics workflow into an indexed sequencing library: adapters are ligated to the ends of each DNA fragment, an optional amplification step increases the total amount of library, and indexes are added to allow multiplexed sequencing of many samples in a single run. These kits are specifically optimized for epigenetics-specific inputs, including ChIP-enriched DNA (often low-yield, sheared to 200&ndash;750 bp), chromatin-accessible DNA from ATAC-seq (also low-yield and fragmented), and bisulfite-converted DNA (fragmented and chemically modified, with low-complexity sequence).
&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">What You Will Discover:</h2>
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li dir="ltr">Groundbreaking single-tube processes that integrate bisulfite conversion and library preparation to chart entire genomes with extremely low input needs.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Rapid, efficient transposase-driven methods that seize open chromatin areas and dynamic regulatory environments in only a few hours.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Enzymatic restriction methods combined with targeted sequencing for affordable, high-density CpG coverage without incurring full-genome expenses.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Advanced multi-adapter ligation techniques designed to reduce bias and optimize library retrieval from fragmented or challenging DNA sources.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Post-bisulfite library preparation systems designed explicitly for sub-nanogram DNA quantities, individual cells, or extensively degraded specimens.</li>
<li dir="ltr">Locus-specific, genome-wide enrichment approaches aimed at accurately monitoring and characterizing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine alterations throughout the genome.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h2>How to choose epigenetics NGS library preparation kits</h2>
&nbsp;
Match your library prep kit to your specific epigenetics input type
ChIP-seq library prep kits are optimized for low-yield sheared chromatin enriched by immunoprecipitation, while ATAC-seq kits work with tagmented open chromatin fragments, and bisulfite or enzymatic methyl-seq library prep kits are specifically formulated for the highly fragmented, low-complexity sequence characteristics of bisulfite-converted DNA input.
Confirm the kit supports your input DNA amount
ChIP experiments, especially those targeting low-abundance transcription factors or run from limited cell numbers, often yield very little enriched DNA, and kits validated for low-input or picogram-scale library preparation are necessary to generate libraries with sufficient complexity without excessive PCR amplification introducing duplicates.
Choose an indexing strategy appropriate to your sample multiplexing plan
Dual-index strategies, using unique combinations of two distinct index sequences per sample, provide more reliable sample demultiplexing in highly multiplexed runs compared with single-index strategies, and confirming whether your kit supports the number of samples and multiplexing depth required is an important selection criterion.
Understand the impact of PCR cycles on library complexity and duplicate rate
Fewer PCR amplification cycles reduce the proportion of duplicate reads in sequencing data, which is especially important for low-complexity epigenetics libraries where overamplification can dominate output with copies of the same original fragment. Efficient ligation chemistry that increases library yield from low input helps minimize required PCR cycles.
Confirm kit compatibility with your downstream analysis pipeline
Some library prep protocols use specific adapter sequences or library structures that require corresponding adjustments in bioinformatics analysis pipelines, and confirming compatibility before sequencing helps avoid downstream analysis failures.
&nbsp;
<h2>Specifications context</h2>
&nbsp;
ChIP-seq library prep kits optimized for low-input or ultra-low-input chromatin are designed to achieve high library complexity from picogram-scale DNA inputs that would otherwise produce low-complexity libraries with standard kits at similar PCR cycle numbers. As of 2026, library prep kits compatible with enzymatic methyl-seq (EM-seq) as well as classical bisulfite-converted DNA continue to expand, enabling researchers to leverage improved DNA quality while maintaining familiar downstream sequencing workflows.
Prepared to enhance your sequencing efficiency? Discover our complete selection of NGS Library Preparation Kits and <a href="https://mbpinc.net/contact-us">contact the MBP team</a> for a quote now.

NGS Libray Preparation Kits

MSDS

Protocol

RRHP 5-hmC Library Prep Kit

The RRHP 5-hmC Library Prep Kit (D5450) by Zymo Research enables reduced representation hydroxymethylation profiling of 5-hmC in 12 reactions, using an enzymatic—not bisulfite—approach for genome-wide 5-hmC mapping compatible with Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms.

Equipment Required

Input

Sample Source

Sequencing Compatibility

Manufacturer

Shipping Condition

Storage Condition

RRHP™ 5-hmC Library Prep Kit (12 Preps.)

RRHP™ 5-hmC Library Prep Kit (25 Preps.)

<h2 data-section-id="v1drft" data-start="0" data-end="43">What are cloning chemicals and reagents?</h2>
&nbsp;
Cloning chemicals and reagents cover the enzymes, buffers, and molecular biology-grade chemicals used in DNA fragment preparation, modification, and purification within a cloning workflow, including restriction endonucleases, T4 DNA ligase and other DNA-modifying enzymes (phosphatases, polymerases), reaction buffers, and plasmid extraction reagents. Related entities include restriction enzyme digestion, DNA dephosphorylation/phosphorylation, plasmid DNA purification (column-based and magnetic bead-based), and enzyme unit definitions.
&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">What you will find:</h2>
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" role="presentation">Targeted XJa and XJb strains for faster recovery of proteins.</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" role="presentation">Mix &amp; Go! solutions for optimized and dependable bacterial transformation.</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" role="presentation">Culture Media &amp; Supplements used for yeast research, and include YPD Plus and mating pheromones.</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" role="presentation">Extraction and Lysis Reagents include reliable genomic preparation and yeast protein kits.</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" role="presentation">Chromogenic Substrates and Enzymatic Inducers with highly pure X-GAL and IPTG for cloning and blue-white screening.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h2 data-section-id="1daajgc" data-start="866" data-end="913">How to choose cloning chemicals and reagents</h2>
&nbsp;
Restriction enzyme selection and buffer compatibility
Restriction enzymes require specific reaction buffers, and many modern enzyme lines use a single universal buffer compatible across multiple enzymes to simplify double-digest reactions; confirm buffer compatibility when combining enzymes from different suppliers or using older single-buffer-per-enzyme formulations.
Enzyme unit definitions and reaction scale
Restriction enzyme and ligase activity is defined in units per microliter, with one unit typically defined as the amount needed to digest or ligate a defined quantity of standard substrate DNA under specified conditions in a set time; scale enzyme quantity to the amount of DNA being processed rather than assuming a fixed volume works for all reaction sizes.
Plasmid purification grade
Plasmid DNA extraction reagents range from molecular biology grade, suitable for general cloning and sequencing, to transfection-grade or endotoxin-free formulations required for applications such as lentiviral packaging or mammalian cell transfection, where endotoxin contamination can reduce transfection efficiency or cause cell stress.
Dephosphorylation for preventing vector self-ligation
Alkaline phosphatase treatment of a linearized vector before ligation removes 5' phosphate groups, preventing vector self-ligation and improving the ratio of recombinant clones; this step is particularly useful when the vector and insert share compatible sticky ends that could otherwise religate without insert incorporation.
&nbsp;
<h2 data-section-id="1fljvas" data-start="3459" data-end="3484">Specifications context</h2>
&nbsp;
Restriction enzymes and ligases are supplied at defined unit concentrations (commonly 10&ndash;20 units per microliter for restriction enzymes), with reaction buffers formulated for specific pH and salt conditions optimized for enzyme activity. Plasmid purification kits are differentiated by yield (micrograms of DNA recovered), purity (A260/A280 ratio), and endotoxin level (endotoxin units per microgram), with endotoxin-free kits specifying levels below a defined threshold suitable for transfection applications.&nbsp;
This sub-category is part of MBP's cloning catalog alongside ligation independent cloning kits and transformation kits and competent cells, used downstream of enzyme-based fragment preparation. Labs producing custom lentivirus for immortalization can also review MBP's cell immortalization catalog. MBP's specialist team can help confirm enzyme buffer compatibility and plasmid purification grade for a specific downstream application before order placement.
<a href="https://mbpinc.net/contact-us">Contact the expert team </a>at MBP today to request a quote for high-purity chemicals and reagents.

Chemicals/Reagents

DataSheet

Rattler Plating Beads

Rattler Plating Beads by Zymo Research — 4.5 mm solid glass beads for spreading bacteria and yeast on agar plates without a spreader or flame. Reusable after bleach wash and autoclaving. Available as S1001 (1×230 g, sterile), S1001-5 (5×230 g, sterile), and S1001-B (25 kg bulk bag, non-sterile).

Material

Packaging

Product Storage

Rattler™ Plating Beads (230 g Bottle)

Rattler™ Plating Beads (5 x 230 g Bottles)

Rattler™ Plating Beads, Bulk (25 kg Bag)

<h2>What are ELISA kits for methylation in this category?</h2>
&nbsp;
ELISA kits for DNA and RNA methylation in this category are antibody-based assays that quantify the global level of a specific epigenetic mark, most commonly 5-methylcytosine in genomic DNA, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA, or N6-methyladenosine in RNA, using a plate-based immunoassay format without requiring bisulfite conversion or sequencing. Denatured, single-stranded DNA or RNA from a sample is coated on a plate well, and a mark-specific primary antibody followed by an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody generates a colorimetric signal proportional to the level of the target modification.
&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">What you will find:</h2>
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">5-mC DNA ELISA kits for quantitative analysis of DNA methylation&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">DNA controls for validation and calibration of the assay to ensure experimental&nbsp; reproducibility and accuracy&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Secondary antibody reagents for specific signal generation and detection in ELISA assays</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Coating buffers for consistent assay performance and optimized plate preparation&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h2>How to choose methylation ELISA kits and reagents</h2>
&nbsp;
Match your kit to the specific epigenetic mark you're quantifying
Different kits use antibodies against specific modifications: 5-methylcytosine ELISA kits quantify global DNA methylation, 5-hmC ELISA kits quantify global hydroxymethylation, and m6A ELISA kits quantify RNA N6-methyladenosine. Using a kit with the wrong antibody specificity will not report the mark you intend to measure.
Use methylation standards to build a calibration curve for quantitative results
Running a series of methylation standards with defined percentages alongside your samples allows the absorbance readout to be converted to a specific, meaningful methylation percentage, since the raw ELISA signal alone cannot be interpreted as absolute methylation level without a calibration.
Understand that ELISA measures global levels, not locus-specific methylation
A methylation ELISA gives the overall average percentage of methylation across the genome in a sample, which is useful for comparing broad methylation changes between conditions but cannot identify which specific genes or regions are differentially methylated the way bisulfite sequencing can.
Confirm the required DNA denaturation step is appropriate for your sample type
ELISA kits for DNA methylation typically require single-stranded, denatured DNA coated directly on the plate, and confirming this denaturation step is properly performed is necessary for consistent antibody binding and reproducible signal across wells.
Be aware of cross-reactivity with similar modifications when interpreting results
An antibody against 5-methylcytosine may have some cross-reactivity with 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and confirming the antibody's published cross-reactivity data helps interpret whether your signal specifically reflects 5-mC, 5-hmC, or both, which matters for studies in cell types where 5-hmC is abundant.
&nbsp;
<h2>Specifications context</h2>
&nbsp;
The 5-methylcytosine ELISA workflow uses an indirect ELISA methodology where denatured, single-stranded DNA samples are coated directly on the plate well surfaces and a 5-mC monoclonal antibody and an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody are added sequentially, generating a colorimetric signal proportional to the total level of methylated cytosine in the sample. As of 2026, methylation ELISA kits are particularly valued for high-throughput screening studies comparing global methylation levels across many treatment conditions or patient groups where single-base-resolution data is not the primary goal.
This category sits within DNA/RNA Methylation, alongside Methylation Standards for calibration, and is related to DNA Hydroxymethylation and Non-Bisulfite Kits &amp; Reagents for higher-resolution methylation analysis. See the full reagents catalog and use Quick Order for recurring orders.
<a href="https://mbpinc.net/contact-us">Contact the expert team of&nbsp; Molecular Biology Products Inc. (MBP)</a> to get high-quality ELISA Kits and Reagents for your lab.

ELISA Kits & Reagents

Secondary Antibody

D5325-3-15 by Zymo Research is the HRP-conjugated Secondary Antibody for use with the 5-mC DNA ELISA Kit (D5325/D5326), supplied in a 15 µl volume. It detects the anti-5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (Clone 7D21) in the colorimetric quantitation of global DNA methylation at 405 nm, with assay sensitivity &gt;0.5% 5-mC per 100 ng DNA. Available for individual component replenishment; store at −20 °C.

Secondary Antibody (1 µg/µl) (15 µl)

Secondary Antibody (1 µg/µl) (30 µl)

<h2>What are DNA Cleanup Kits?</h2>
&nbsp;
DNA cleanup kits purify and concentrate pre-extracted or pre-amplified DNA by removing enzymes, salts, organic solvents (phenol, chloroform), unincorporated nucleotides, RNA, detergents, and other contaminants from DNA solutions using silica-membrane spin columns with a bind-wash-elute protocol. Unlike PCR cleanup kits that are specifically optimized to remove primers and dNTPs from PCR reactions, DNA cleanup kits accept broader input chemistries - including post-phenol-chloroform extraction DNA, genomic DNA in high-salt lysis buffers, restriction digest reactions, and dilute DNA solutions requiring concentration - and elute DNA in minimal volumes (as little as 6 ul) for immediate use in downstream applications. Use a DNA cleanup kit whenever your DNA preparation contains inhibitors incompatible with downstream enzymatic reactions, when residual phenol must be removed, or when dilute DNA must be concentrated into a small volume.
&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">What you will find:</h2>
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator&trade; (DCC): Efficient spin-column systems (5, 25, 100, 500 preps) created to concentrate low-concentration DNA into ultra-pure, transfection-quality volumes.
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Genomic DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator: Tailored procedures for extracting large templates while maintaining genomic integrity for long-read sequencing uses.
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
Select-a-Size DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator&trade;: Tailored systems for the recovery of size-specific fragments, efficiently eliminating adapter dimers and non-target amplicons.
</li>
<li dir="ltr" aria-level="1">
ZR-96 DNA Cleanup Systems: Scalable 96-well and MagBead configurations designed for high-throughput, automated processes while ensuring reproducibility-validated outcomes.
</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h2>How to Choose a DNA Cleanup Kit</h2>
&nbsp;
Capacity and Input Volume
Zymo DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator kits are available in formats matched to DNA input mass: DCC-5 (&lt;=5 ug input, elute &gt;=6 ul), DCC-25 (&lt;=25 ug input, elute &gt;=25 ul), DCC-100 (&lt;=100 ug input, elute &gt;=25 ul). Choose the format whose maximum capacity exceeds your expected DNA input by at least 2-fold to avoid column overloading, which reduces yield and purity. For genomic DNA preparations from tissue (typically 5-30 ug), DCC-25 or DCC-100 is appropriate.
Minimum Elution Volume and Concentration
For maximum DNA concentration, Zymo DCC-5 elutes in 6 ul - the industry minimum for standard silica columns. If the input volume is 500 ul (1 ng/ul) and the elution is 6 ul, the final concentration reaches approximately 80 ng/ul (assuming 95% recovery), a concentration suitable for transfection, electroporation, and microinjection.
Size Selectivity
Standard DNA cleanup kits retain all DNA &gt;=100 bp. If size selection is also required, use gel extraction (for specific band isolation) or AMPure XP beads (for size-range selection by bead: volume ratio adjustment) rather than a standard cleanup kit.
Post-Phenol-Chloroform Cleanup
For DNA recovered from phenol-chloroform extraction, add 5 volumes of binding buffer and 2 volumes of 100% ethanol to the aqueous phase before column loading. The organic solvent in residual phenol or chloroform does not significantly impair column binding at these dilutions. Multiple column reloads allow processing of large aqueous-phase volumes through a single column.
RNase A Treatment for DNA-Only Preparations
For gDNA preparations that must be RNA-free for optical mapping or certain long-read sequencing library kits, add RNase A (100 ug/ml) to the DNA solution, incubate at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes, then proceed directly to DCC cleanup. The RNase digestion products are removed during the wash steps.
&nbsp;
<h2>Specifications Context</h2>
&nbsp;
Zymo DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator kits use a single-buffer system with Zymo-Spin column technology and recover DNA from PCR, enzymatic reactions, phenol-chloroform extractions, and dilute solutions. DNA is eluted in volumes as small as 6 ul, providing up to 80-fold concentration from 500 ul inputs. The kits remove enzymes, proteins, salts, organic solvents, dyes, unincorporated nucleotides, primers, and other small molecules, delivering DNA ready for restriction digestion, ligation, sequencing, Southern blotting, transfection, and long-read library preparation. DNA cleanup and concentration are standard workflow steps in genomics laboratories at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University, and MD Anderson Cancer Center, where removing trace inhibitors from gDNA before library preparation significantly improves NGS library complexity and uniformity.
&nbsp;
Enhance your capabilities&mdash;<a href="https://mbpinc.net/contact-us">reach out to the MBP Inc. team</a> now to obtain a quote for your DNA concentration requirements.

DNA Cleanup Kits

D4080-Data Sheet

D4080-MSDS

D4080-1-MSDS

D4080-Protocol

Select-a-Size DNA Clean & Concentrator™ Kit

The D4080 by Zymo Research is a 25-prep Select-a-Size DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator Kit that cleans up and size-selects DNA in a single spin-column workflow, with user-adjustable cutoffs at ≥50, ≥100, ≥150, ≥200, or ≥300 bp and a double-size selection mode for the 50–700 bp window. Binding capacity is up to 3 µg per prep; protocol runs in as little as 7 minutes; A260/280 &gt; 1.8 output.

Select-a-Size DNA Clean & Concentrator™ Kit (25 Preps.)

Select-A-Size Binding Buffer (15 ml)

D4084-Data Sheet

D4084/D4085-MSDS

D4084-4-MSDS

D4084-Protocol

Select-a-Size DNA Clean & Concentrator™ MagBead Kit

D4084 by Zymo Research is the Select-a-Size DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator MagBead Kit — a magnetic bead system for tunable DNA size selection from 150 bp to 800 bp in ≤10 minutes. Supports left-sided, right-sided, and double-sided selection; elution into ≥10 µl; up to 10 µg yield. Compatible with PCR, ligation, NGS library prep, and adapter removal workflows. Available in 10 ml (D4084) and 50 ml (D4085). Store at 4 °C. Made in USA by Zymo Research.

Applicable For

Elution Volume

Equipment

Processing Time

Purity

Size Range

Yield

Select-a-Size DNA Clean & Concentrator™ MagBead Kit (10 ml)

Select-a-Size DNA Clean & Concentrator™ MagBead Kit (50 ml)

Select-a-Size MagBeads (10 ml)

Select-a-Size MagBeads (50 ml)

Plates

Silicon-A Plate (2 Plates)

Silicon-A Plate C2001 by Zymo Research is a 96-well silica-matrix plate for centrifuge-based high-throughput DNA and RNA purification, with up to 5 µg binding capacity per well, 600 µl well volume, and ≥30 µl elution. Supplied as 2 plates per pack.

Silicon-A™-HRC Plate (2 Plates)

C2009 by Zymo Research is the Silicon-A™-HRC Plate (2 plates, 96-well format), a replacement component for the OneStep-96 PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit (D6035). The Silicon-A™-HRC matrix removes polyphenolics, humic/fulvic acids, tannins, and melanin from DNA and RNA extracts for direct use in PCR, qPCR, or sequencing. Requires Prep Solution before use. MBP is a registered vendor for Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Eurofins, and many other institutes across the USA.

Columns, Plastics & Accessories

Squisher-8 w/ 96-Well Block

H1002-20 by Zymo Research is the Squisher-8 w/ 96-Well Block (20 Pack &amp; 2 Blocks), a polypropylene multi-sample homogenizer that processes 8 tissue samples simultaneously in a 96-well format for DNA, RNA, and protein extraction from soft solid tissues including liver, brain, mouse tail clips, and small insects.

Squisher-8 w/ 96-Well Block (20 Pack & 2 Blocks)

Squisher-8 w/ 96-Well Block (5 Pack & 1 Block)

Squisher-96 w/ 96-Well Block

H1004-2 by Zymo Research — Squisher-96 manual homogenizer kit for simultaneously processing up to 96 soft tissue, insect, or plant samples. Includes 2 polypropylene compression units and 2 deep-well 96-well blocks. Compatible with Zymo Research DNA and RNA extraction workflows. Made in the USA.

Squisher-96 w/ 96-Well Block (2 Pack & 2 Blocks)

Squisher-96 w/ 96-Well Block (5 Pack & 5 Blocks)

Squisher-Single

H1001 by Zymo Research is the Squisher-Single, a disposable polypropylene manual pestle that homogenizes small tissue samples (liver, brain, mouse tail, insects) directly in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube for downstream DNA, RNA, or protein extraction. Supplied in a pack of 10; H1001-50 provides 50 per pack. Can be cleaned and reused.

Squisher-Single (10 Pack)

Squisher-Single (50 Pack)

<h2 data-section-id="1go10h8" data-start="173" data-end="215">What are classic cell culture media?</h2>
&nbsp;
Classic cell culture media refers to the foundational basal medium formulations that have underpinned mammalian cell culture since the mid-20th century: DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium), MEM (Minimum Essential Medium), RPMI 1640, Ham's Nutrient Mixtures F-10 and F-12, IMDM (Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium), and the combination formulation DMEM/F-12. Each is manufactured according to its originally published formula, with modifications limited to those necessary for consistent performance and stability of the medium over its shelf life. These media supply the amino acids, vitamins, glucose, salts, and (in most formulations) phenol red pH indicator that form the nutritional backbone of essentially all subsequent specialty, serum-free, and Advanced media derivatives.
&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">What you will find:</h2>
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Selective Mammalian Antibiotics including Puromycin, Geneticin, and Hygromycin B for stable development of cell lines.</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Broad-Spectrum Bactericidal Agents for routine contamination prevention, including Penicillin/Streptomycin and Gentamicin&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Prokaryotic Selection Reagents for effective bacterial transformation, including Ampicillin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Antifungal and Antimycotic Solutions to maintain sterile cultures, including combined 100X cocktails and Amphotericin B (Fungizone)&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Specialized Small Molecules for targeted biochemical assays, including Ganciclovir, Rapamycin, and Actinomycin D&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h2 data-section-id="1mfajxk" data-start="1218" data-end="1252">How to choose a classic medium</h2>
&nbsp;
DMEM vs MEM
DMEM contains up to four times the amino acid and vitamin concentration of original Eagle's MEM, along with higher glucose levels, making it suitable for cell types with elevated nutrient demands &mdash; DMEM is broadly applicable across mammalian, insect, and plant cell phenotypes including primary cells, stem cells, and transformed lines. MEM remains widely used for monolayer culture of many standard cell types, with optional Hanks' or Earle's salt formulations and a calcium-free modification that permits suspension growth.
RPMI 1640 for suspension and hematopoietic culture
RPMI 1640, developed at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute for culturing human leukemic cells, is optimized for non-adherent cell types &mdash; lymphocytes and other blood cells &mdash; and contains glutathione plus higher biotin, B12, and PABA concentrations than DMEM or MEM. Despite its hematopoietic origin, RPMI 1640 supports a broad range of adherent lines (HeLa, T47D, RENCA, CT26.WT) when properly supplemented.
Ham's F-10/F-12 for CHO and specialized applications
Ham's nutrient mixtures were originally developed for CHO cell clones, HeLa cells, and mouse L-cells, and remain suited to hepatocyte culture, viral fusion experiments, and toxicity assays, with formulations available for use with or without serum. Coon's modification of Ham's F-12 roughly doubles the amino acid and pyruvate content and adds ascorbic acid, developed specifically for hybrid cells produced by viral fusion.
DMEM/F-12 for complex, rich-medium applications
DMEM/F-12 (1:1 mixture) combines DMEM's glucose, amino acid, and vitamin richness with Ham's F-12's zinc, putrescine, hypoxanthine, and thymidine, producing an extremely rich complex medium used for MDCK cells, glial cells, fibroblasts, and human endothelial cells &mdash; and serving as the basal medium for many serum-free Advanced formulations used in organoid and stem cell work.
IMDM for high-density rapid proliferation
IMDM further enriches DMEM with additional amino acids and vitamins, substituting potassium nitrate for ferric nitrate and adding HEPES and sodium pyruvate. IMDM's sodium bicarbonate buffer system (5&ndash;10% CO₂) and enriched composition make it well suited for rapidly proliferating, high-density cultures including Jurkat, COS-7, and macrophage cells.
Liquid vs. powder format
Liquid classic media are ready to use (after appropriate FBS and supplement addition) and include sodium bicarbonate in the formulation. Powdered media are manufactured without sodium bicarbonate, since it tends to off-gas in powder form &mdash; 3.7 g/L sodium bicarbonate must be added upon reconstitution, followed by sterile filtration. Powder formats offer cost and shipping-weight advantages for high-volume labs preparing their own media.
&nbsp;
<h2 data-section-id="17i0pj" data-start="5035" data-end="5061">Specifications context</h2>
&nbsp;
Classic media are manufactured according to originally published formulas, with stability-related modifications documented per product. DMEM's sodium bicarbonate buffer system at 3.7 g/L is standard across liquid formulations; powdered formats require this addition upon reconstitution along with 0.22 &micro;m sterile filtration. As of 2026, DMEM, DMEM/F-12, and RPMI 1640 remain the three most widely specified classic media across academic and biomanufacturing labs, with IMDM increasingly used for high-density suspension applications in bioprocessing.
For recombinant growth factors and cytokines used alongside classic media, see Recombinant Proteins. For supplementation reagents (GlutaMAX, NEAA, sodium pyruvate, HEPES), see Cell Culture Supplements &amp; Additives. Browse Mammalian Cell Culture for the broader category.
<a href="https://mbpinc.net/contact-us">Contact the expert team </a>at MBP to get highly efficient microbial control solutions for your lab.

Antibiotics

Tetracycline Hydrochloride

A1004-ZYM by Zymo Research — 10 mg/ml Tetracycline Hydrochloride solution (≥ 98% purity) in 95% ethanol, ready to use at 10–20 µg/ml. Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agent for E. coli antibiotic selection, plasmid maintenance, and BAC/PAC propagation. Store at –20°C. Available in 5 ml and 5 × 5 ml formats.

Concentration

Working Concentration

Tetracycline Hydrochloride (10 mg/ml in Ethanol) (5 x 5 ml)

Tetracycline Hydrochloride (10 mg/ml in Ethanol) (5 ml)

<h2>What are methylation standards?</h2>
&nbsp;
Methylation standards are defined reference DNA materials with a known and confirmed methylation status, ranging from a fully methylated DNA (where every cytosine at CpG or other sites carries a methyl group) to a fully unmethylated DNA (where no cytosines are methylated) and intermediate or mixed standards containing a defined ratio of the two. The most widely used unmethylated control in bisulfite sequencing is lambda phage DNA, which is naturally unmethylated and can be spiked into a conversion reaction to estimate conversion efficiency.
&nbsp;
<h2 dir="ltr">What you will find:</h2>
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Methylated and non-methylated DNA control sets for comparative epigenetic analysis and assay validation</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Universal methylated DNA standards for methylation assessment workflows</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Genomic DNA reference materials: for microbial and human methylation studies</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Matched DNA sets: used in experimental models for controlled comparison of methylation status&nbsp;</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Bisulfite-converted DNA standards: for downstream sequencing-based methylation and PCR analysis</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Methylation spike-in controls: for sequencing normalization and high-throughput workflows</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Mouse and human DNA methylation reference sets: for specific species epigenetic studies</li>
<li dir="ltr" role="presentation">Methylated DNA IP control kits for methylation assays involving immunoprecipitation</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
<h2>How to use methylation standards</h2>
&nbsp;
Spike an unmethylated control into every bisulfite or enzymatic conversion reaction
Running an unmethylated DNA like lambda phage DNA alongside your samples in the same conversion reaction estimates the conversion efficiency of that specific run, since every remaining cytosine signal after conversion should be treated as a false positive, and this rate can be quantified and accounted for in downstream analysis.
Run a fully methylated positive control to confirm methylated cytosines are preserved
A fully methylated standard, such as DNA synthesized with 5-methyl-dCTP or commercially prepared methylated genomic DNA, confirms your conversion workflow correctly preserves methylated cytosines intact rather than inadvertently converting them, which would produce false-negative methylation calls.
Use a mixed or intermediate standard to calibrate quantitative methylation assays
A standard containing a defined ratio of methylated to unmethylated DNA, or a set of standards spanning a range of methylation percentages, provides a calibration curve for quantitative methylation assays like 5-methylcytosine ELISA, validating that the assay reports the expected methylation level across its full dynamic range.
Confirm standard stability before long-term storage or lot-to-lot use
Methylation control DNA has documented stability windows, and confirming that your standard's methylation status is stable under storage conditions, and consistent across lots, is necessary for reliable longitudinal monitoring of conversion efficiency.
Use standards to monitor workflow consistency over time
Running a conversion control in every batch allows longitudinal tracking of conversion efficiency across instrument runs, reagent lots, and protocol variations, helping catch workflow drift before it affects real sample results.
&nbsp;
<h2>Specifications context</h2>
&nbsp;
Lambda phage DNA is the most commonly used unmethylated bisulfite conversion control because it is naturally unmethylated, commercially available, and well characterized, and it can be aligned to the known lambda phage reference genome after sequencing to calculate residual unconverted cytosine rates, providing a direct, interpretable measure of conversion efficiency. As of 2026, fully methylated and fully unmethylated standard sets are also used alongside enzymatic methyl-seq conversions to confirm that EM-seq's enzymatic mechanism correctly protects methylated cytosines and converts unmethylated ones, independent of the conversion chemistry used.
This category sits within DNA/RNA Methylation, alongside Bisulfite Conversion Kits, Non-Bisulfite Kits &amp; Reagents, and ELISA Kits &amp; Reagents. See the full reagents catalog and use Quick Order for recurring orders.
<a href="https://mbpinc.net/contact-us">Contact the expert team of Molecular Biology Products Inc. (MBP)</a> to get high-quality methylation standards for your lab today.

Methylation Standards

D5011 - MSDS

D5012 - MSDS

D5011-Protocol

D5012-Protocol

Universal Methylated DNA Standard

Universal Methylated DNA Standard (D5011) by Zymo Research — 250 ng/µl human genomic DNA with &gt;95% CpG methylation via M.SssI. Positive control for bisulfite conversion efficiency; compatible with EZ DNA Methylation Kit family and other bisulfite protocols. Includes primer set. Store at ≤−20°C. Made in the USA.